{"id":2517,"date":"2021-10-25T16:29:50","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T14:29:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lac.org.na\/?p=2517"},"modified":"2021-10-25T16:38:10","modified_gmt":"2021-10-25T14:38:10","slug":"hate-speech","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lac.org.na\/index.php\/2021\/10\/25\/hate-speech\/","title":{"rendered":"Hate Speech"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"Hate speech:\u00a0 The South African Qwelane case<\/a><\/em> and why it is relevant for Namibia<\/h3>\n

What is the Qwelane Case about?<\/strong>
\n\u201cSpeech is powerful \u2013 it has the ability to build, promote and nurture, but it can also denigrate, humiliate and destroy. Hate speech is one of the most devastating modes of subverting the dignity and self-worth of human beings.\u201d
\nThese are the opening lines of a judgment of the Constitutional Court of South Africa delivered on 30 July 2021. The question the Court had to grapple with was how to strike a balance between the fundamental right to free speech and the equally fundamental need to protect society against hate speech that violates constitutionally-protected dignity.
\nIn South Africa, hate speech against persons based on certain prohibited grounds (such as race, sex and sexual orientation) is prohibited by the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act 4 of 2000 \u2013 more commonly referred to simply as the \u201cEquality Act\u201d.
\nMr Qwelane, the applicant, was a popular columnist who wrote an article comparing homosexuality to bestiality. In the words of the Court, this article constituted \u201cdetestation and vilification of homosexuals on the grounds of sexual orientation\u201d. The article\u2019s publication in the Sunday Sun newspaper in 2008 resulted in a landslide of complaints to the South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC), which then initiated proceedings in the Equality Court.
\nThe SAHRC asserted that Mr Qwelane\u2019s article was prohibited hate speech. In response to this, Mr Qwelane argued the Equality Act\u2019s prohibition on hate speech was overly broad and vague, and thus an unconstitutional violation of freedom of expression.<\/p>\n

Definition of hate speech
\n<\/strong>
\nThere is no international definition of hate speech, although two international conventions mention the issue.
\nThe International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<\/a> requires nations that are parties to it to prohibit by law \u201cany advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence\u201d.
\nThe International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination<\/a> prohibits \u201call dissemination of ideas based on racial superiority or hatred, incitement to racial discrimination, as well as all acts of violence or incitement to such acts\u201d.<\/p>\n

In South Africa, the Equality Act\u2019s provision on hate speech stated that no person may use speech that \u201ccould reasonably be construed to demonstrate a clear intention to (a) be hurtful (b) be harmful or to incite harm (c) promote or propagate hatred\u201d on the prohibited grounds. The listed grounds include race, gender, sex, pregnancy, marital status, ethnic or social origin, colour, sexual orientation, age, disability, religion, conscience, belief, culture, language and birth. The statute also forbids hate speech on any other ground where discrimination on that ground causes or perpetuates systemic disadvantage or undermines human dignity. It thus serves as an important tool for redressing the wrongs of the past.<\/p>\n

One of the key questions considered by the Court was how to distinguish \u201churtful\u201d speech from \u201charmful\u201d speech. Must hate speech be both hurtful and harmful as well as promoting hatred? Or is any one of these impacts sufficient to make the speech into \u201chate speech\u201d?<\/p>\n

Another key issue was where to draw the balance between prohibiting hate speech and protecting the right to free speech.<\/p>\n

The relation between hate speech and freedom of expression<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Court found that the right to freedom of expression includes the right to express unpopular or even offensive beliefs. It noted that a healthy democracy requires a degree of tolerance towards speech that shocks or offends.<\/p>\n

But hate speech is something more. Hate speech goes beyond merely being offensive. It expresses extreme detestation and vilification that can provoke discriminatory activities against a specific group in society. Speech becomes hate speech when it attempts to violate the rights of another person or group of persons based on their group identity. And, since the dignity of the person being spoken about is protected by the Constitution, hate speech cannot be allowed. But, to avoid undermining freedom of expression, prohibitions on hate speech must be clearly, carefully and narrowly drawn.<\/p>\n

Against this backdrop, the Court held that being \u201churtful\u201d alone is not sufficient to turn constitutionally-protected speech into hate speech. The term \u201churtful\u201d is too broad and vague, especially since it is used alongside the word \u201charmful\u201d in the South African statute \u2013 indicating that these two words must have different meanings.<\/p>\n

Speech might be \u201churtful\u201d if it is distressing or offensive, without attempting to invoke hatred against a person because of their membership in a specific group.\u00a0 So, according to the Court, equating hurtful speech with hate speech sets the bar too low and is thus an unjustifiable limitation on freedom of speech.<\/p>\n

In contrast, the term \u201charmful\u201d can refer to either physical harm or deep emotional and psychological harm that severely undermines the dignity of the targeted group. Speech that is both harmful and intended to promote hatred against a specific group of persons is not constitutionally protected by the right to freedom of speech \u2013 especially where it perpetuates the subordination of vulnerable and marginalised groups that characterised the apartheid era. The Court concluded that both of those elements must be present to justify the prohibition of hate speech \u2013 a clear intention to be harmful or to incite harm, and a clear intention to promote or propagate hatred.<\/p>\n

Applying this test, the Court found that Mr Qwelane\u2019s article constituted hate speech. It undermined the dignity of the LGBT+ community, and that community\u2019s place in society as human beings of equal worth, equally deserving of the human dignity which is protected by the Constitution. \u00a0Mr Qwelane\u2019s article galvanised discrimination, hostility and violence against the LGBT+ community.<\/p>\n

Mr Qwelane passed away while the case was under consideration, so the Court was unable to order an apology or any other form of personal restitution \u2013 but it did issue an order declaring that the offending statements made against the LGBT+ community constituted hate speech, in the hope that this official pronouncement would give some comfort to the targeted group.<\/p>\n

Why is this case relevant to Namibia?<\/strong><\/p>\n

The constitutions of Namibia and South Africa are not identical, but both do protect equality, dignity and freedom of speech. The case also relied on international standards and laws in other countries that Namibian courts would also be likely to look to in cases involving hate speech.<\/p>\n

It is particularly relevant to Namibia now, given that the Office of the Ombudsman is in the process of drafting a bill on hate speech for future consideration by Parliament. The ruling of the South African Constitutional Court gives some important guidance on how to make sure that legislation prohibitions on hate speech can be consistent with constitutional protections for freedom of speech.<\/p>\n

A law against hate speech is likely to pass constitutional muster if it provides a clear definition of what is prohibited, and if it addresses speech that is both harmful and an incitement of hatred against members of specific groups.<\/p>\n

Speech that is offensive or hurtful without inciting hatred against specified groups is part of the robust debate that characterises true democracies. But hate speech undermines dignity and equality. In the words of the South African Constitutional Court, it is \u201cthe antithesis of the values envisioned by the right to free speech \u2013 whereas the latter advances democracy, hate speech is destructive of democracy\u201d.
\nWritten by Amelie Brendel and Dianne Hubbard<\/p>\n

This article was made possible by support from <\/em>
\nthe Hanns Seidel Foundation.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Hate speech:\u00a0 The South African Qwelane case and why it is relevant for Namibia What is the Qwelane Case about? \u201cSpeech is powerful \u2013 it has the ability to build, promote and nurture, but it can also denigrate, humiliate and destroy. Hate speech is one of the most devastating modes of subverting the dignity and […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2517","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"featured_image_src":{"landsacpe":false,"list":false,"medium":false,"full":false},"yoast_head":"\nHate Speech - Legal Assistance Centre<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Speech is powerful \u2013 it has the ability to build, promote and nurture, but it can also denigrate, humiliate and destroy. 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